Direct to Indirect - प्रत्यक्षचे अप्रत्यक्ष कथन
थोडक्यात संभाषण म्हणजे काय?
आपण संभाषण करत असताना वेगवेगळ्या प्रकारची माहिती सांगतो, बोलतो, आपले विचार व्यक्त करतो संभाषणात नेहमी ऐकणार कोणीतरी व्यक्ती असते तसेच कधी कधी आपण दुसर्याने व्यक्त केलेले विचार सुद्धा सांगतो.
Direct Speech प्रत्यक्ष कथन
जेव्हा आपले किंवा एखाद्या व्यक्तीचे बोललेले शब्द जसेच्या तसे वापरून अवतरण चिन्हात लिहीतो तेव्हा त्यास Direct Speech प्रत्यक्ष कथन असे म्हणतात
Vinayak said, "We play cricket."
या वाक्याचे दोन भाग आहेत. Reporting Verb चे वाक्य व Direct Speech चे वाक्य.
Indirect Speech
जेव्हा आपले किंवा एखाद्या व्यक्तीचे बोललेले शब्द जसेच्या तसे न सांगता आपल्या शब्दात लिहीतो तेव्हा त्यास Indirect Speech अप्रत्यक्ष कथन असे म्हणतात
Vinayak said that they played cricket.
Direct Speech मधील काही संबोध
Vinayak said, "We play cricket." या वाक्याच्या संदर्भ घेऊ :
Reporting verb चे वाक्य - Vinayak said,
Direct speech/Reported speech-
"We play cricket."
अवतरण चिन्हातील वाक्य बोलणाऱ्याचे शब्द न बदलता जसेच्या तसे व्यक्त केले आहेत म्हणून त्याला Direct Speech असे संबोधतो.
Subject of Reporting Verb - 'Vinayak'
Vinayk हे नाम प्रत्यक्ष वाक्य कथन करणारा आहे. तो या वाक्याचा कर्ता आहे. याला Subject of reporting verb असे संबोधतात हा कर्ता reporting verb ला जोडून लिहिलेला असतो.
Reporting Verb - 'said'
वरील वाक्यात said हे reporting verb आहे
Subject of Direct Speech - 'We'
Verb of Direct Speech - 'play'
Object of Direct Speech - 'cricket'
Reporting Verb चे वाक्य Vinayak said,
1. हे वाक्य अवतरण चिन्हाच्या बाहेर असते आणि स्वल्पविराम देऊन वेगळे ठेवलेले असते. या वाक्यात कर्ता क्रियापद अशा दोन शब्दांनी बनलेले असते
2. कधी कधी या वाक्यात indirect object अप्रत्यक्ष कर्म समावेश केला असतो म्हणजे या वाक्यात कर्म सुध्दा असते. ज्याला उद्देशून वाक्य बोलले असते
कोणाला म्हणाला?
Vinayak said to Ganesh, "We play cricket"
3. हे कर्म Reporting Verb ला जोडून लिहिले असते तर कधी कधी ते अवतरण चिन्हातील वाक्यात लिहिलेले असते
Vinayak said, "Ganesh, We play cricket"
Direct Speech चे वाक्य
अवतरण चिन्हातील वाक्याच्या शब्द समूहाला Direct Speech असे म्हणतो Direct Speech मध्ये वाक्य प्रकारानुसार शब्दाच्या रचनेचा क्रम असतो हे वाक्य
विधानार्थी वाक्य Statement,
प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य Interrogative,
उद्गारवाचक वाक्य Exclamatory,
आज्ञार्थी वाक्य Imperative प्रकारात असू शकते,
या वाक्यात कर्ता, क्रियापद, कर्म व इतर शब्द सुध्दा असतात.
Vinayak said, "We play cricket"
या वाक्यातील कर्ता - subject of Direct Speech.
We
या वाक्यातील क्रियापद - verb of Direct Speech. Play
या वाक्यातील कर्म - object of Direct speech. Cricket.
Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना आवश्यक असलेले पूर्वज्ञान
१. पुरूषवाचक सर्वनामांच्या विभक्ती ओळखणे व त्यांचे परिवर्तन करणे.
२. सहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांचा कर्तया नुसार योग्य वापर.
३. अवतरण चिन्हातील वाक्याच्या क्रियापदाचा काळ ओळखणे व त्याचे योग्य रिती दुसर्या काळात रुपांतर करणे.
४.अवतरण चिन्हातील वाक्याचा प्रकार ओळखून योग्य त्या वाक्य प्रकारात रुपांतर करणे.
Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना पुढील प्रमाणे बदल करावेत.
Step 1 :- Direct speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील) वाक्य प्रकारानुसार योग्यते reporting verb वापरणे.
Step 2 :- Direct speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील) वाक्य प्रकारानुसार योग्य त्या conjunction चा वापर करुन reporting verb चे वाक्य व Direct Speech चे वाक्य जोडताना स्वल्पविराम व अवतरण चिन्ह काढून टाकणे.
Step 3 :- Direct speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील) वाक्य प्रकारानुसार assertive sentence विधानार्थी वाक्यात रुपांतर करणे.
Step 4 :- Reporting verb च्या काळानुसार Direct speech मधील वाक्याचा काळ बदलणे
Step 5 :- सहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाचा योग्य वापर करणे.
पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाची विभक्ती ओळखून योग्यत्या सर्वानामाच्या विभक्ती मध्ये रुपांतर करणे.
Step 6 :- Time वेळ, जवळपणा nearness आणि स्थळ place दाखवणार्या शब्दांचे बदल करून त्याएवजी योग्य तो शब्द वापरणे.
Reporting verb च्या काळानुसार Direct speech मधील वाक्याचा काळ बदलणे:
1. Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना Reporting Verb भविष्यकाळात किंवा वर्तमानकाळात असेल तर direct speech अवतरण चिन्हा मधील वाक्याच्या काळात बदलत नाही, कोणताही बदल होत नाही .
Future Tense भविष्यकाळ
Vinayak will say, "We play cricket"
Vinayak will say that they play cricket.
Present Tense वर्तमानकाळ
Vinayak says, "We play cricket"
Vinayak says that they play cricket.
2. Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना Reporting Verb भूतकाळात असेल तर direct speech मधील वाक्याच्या काळात पुढील प्रमाणे बदल होतो.
Simple Present Tense चे Simple Past Tense
Vinayak said, "We play cricket."
Vinayak said that they played cricket.
Present Continuous Tense चे Past Continuous Tense
Vinayak said, "We are playing cricket."
Vinayak said that they were playing cricket.
Present Perfect Tense चे Past Perfect Tense
Vinayak said, "We have played cricket."
Vinayak said that they had played cricket.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense चे Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Vinayak said, "We have been playing cricket."
Vinayak said that they had been playing cricket.
Simple Past Tense चे Past Perfect Tense
Vinayak said, "We played cricket."
Vinayak said that they had played cricket.
Past Continuous Tense चे Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Vinayak said, "We were playing cricket."
Vinayak said that they had been playing cricket.
Past Perfect Tense व Past Perfect Continuous Tense बदल होत नाहीत.
Past Perfect Tense
Vinayak said, "We had played cricket"
Vinayak said that they had played cricket.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Vinayak said, "We had been playing cricket"
Vinayak said that they had been playing cricket.
Future Tense या काळात वापरलेले Shall व will चे Should किंवा Would करावे.
Simple Future Tense
Vinayak said, "We shall play cricket."
Vinayak said that they would play cricket.
Future Continuous Tense
Vinayak said, "We will be playing cricket."
Vinayak said that they would be playing cricket.
Future Perfect Tense
Vinayak said, "We will have played cricket."
Vinayak said that they would have played cricket.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Vinayak said, "We shall have been playing cricket."
Vinayak said that they would have been playing cricket.
2. सहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाचा योग्य वापर करणे.
Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना Reporting Verb भूतकाळात असेल तर direct speech मधील वाक्यातील सहाय्यकारी क्रियापदात पुढील प्रमाणे बदल होतो.
Direct speech - Indirect Speech
Am/is - was
Are - Were
Do / does - Did
Have/has - Had
Can - Could
May - Might
Must - Must
Did - Had done
Shall - Should/would
Will - Would
Was/were - had व वाक्यातील काळा नुसार बदल करावा.
1. Vinayak said, "We are playing cricket"
Vinayak said that they were playing cricket.
2. Vinayak said, "We have played cricket"
Vinayak said that they had played cricket.
3. Vinayak said, "We were playing cricket"
Vinayak said that they had been playing cricket.
4. Vinayak said, "We did not play cricket"
Vinayak said that they had not played cricket.
5. Vinayak said, "We shall play cricket"
Vinayak said that they would play cricket.
6. Vinayak said, "We will play cricket"
Vinayak said that they would play cricket.
7. Vinayak said, "We can play cricket"
Vinayak said that they could play cricket.
8. Vinayak said, "We may play cricket"
Vinayak said that they might play cricket.
जरी Reporting verb भूतकाळात असेल तरी Could, would, should, might हि क्रियापदे जरी भूतकाळात असली तरी यांच्यात कोणताही बदल होत नाही.
Direct speech - Indirect Speech
Could - Could
Should - Would
Would - Would
Might - Might
9. Vinayak said, "We could play cricket"
Vinayak said that they could play cricket
10. Vinayak said, "We would play cricket
Vinayak said that they would play cricket.
11. Vinayak said, "We should play cricket"
Vinayak said that they should play cricket.
12.. Vinayak said, "We might play cricket"
Vinayak said that they might play cricket.
3. पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाची विभक्ती ओळखून योग्यत्या सर्वानामाच्या विभक्ती मध्ये रुपांतर करणे.
Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना Direct Speech मधील वाक्यातील पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामात पुढील प्रमाणे बदल होतात.
Direct speech मधील प्रथम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे Reporting verb च्या कर्ता नुसार बदलतात.
Direct speech - Indirect Speech
I - पुलिंग He / स्त्रीलिंगी she
Me - पुलिंगी Him / स्त्रीलिंगी her
my - पुलिंगी His / स्त्रीलिंगी her`s
We - They
Us - Them
our - Their
1. I said, " I sing song for us".
I said that I sang song for us.
2. He said, "We go to school with him.
He said that they went to school with him.
3. Doctor said to him,"We drink water".
Doctor told him that they drank water.
4. You said, "I read story".
You said that you read story.
5. She said, "We give pen for me".
She said that they gave pen for her.
Direct speech मधील द्वितीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे Reporting verb कर्मा नुसार बदलतात.
Direct speech - Indirect Speech
You एकवचन - He / she
Your एकवचन - Him / her
Your एकवचन - His / her's
You अनेकवचन - They
Your अनेकवचन - Them
Your अनेकवचन - Their
1. Sahil said him, " You sing song".
Sahil told him that he sang song.
2. Disha said, " You go to school".
Disha said that they went to school.
3. Doctor said to him,"You drink water".
Doctor told him that he drank water.
4. He said her, "You read story".
He told her that she read story.
5. You said us, "You give pen".
You said that we gave pen.
6. People said, "You play cricket".
People said that they played cricket.
Direct speech मधील तृतीय पुरुषी सर्वनामात कोणताही बदल होत नाही.
Direct speech - Indirect Speech
He/him/his - बदल होत नाहीत
She/her/her`s - बदल होत नाहीत
It/it/it`s - बदल होत नाहीत
They/them/their - बदल होत नाहीत
1. Sahil said, " He sing song".
Sahil said that he sang song.
2. Disha said, "They go to school".
Disha said that they went to school.
3. Doctor said to him,"She drinks water".
Doctor told him that She drank water.
4. He said, "It reads story".
He said that It read story.
5. You said, "She gives pen".
You said that she gave pen.
6. People said, "They play cricket".
People said that they played cricket.
4. Time वेळ, जवळपणा nearness आणि स्थळ place दाखवणार्या शब्दांचे बदल करून त्याएवजी योग्य तो शब्द वापरणे.
Direct speech चे Indirect Speech करताना Direct Speech मध्ये वापरलेले अंतर, कालखंड, किंवा स्थिती दाखवणारे काही शब्द बदलून Indirect Speech मध्ये त्या ऐवजी दुसरे शब्द वापरतात ते पुढील प्रमाणे
Direct speech - Indirect Speech
This - That
These - Those
Now - Then
Hence - Thence
Hither - Thither
Here - There
Ago - Before
Thus - So
Come - Go
Today - That day
Tomorrow - The next day
Yesterday - The previous day/ the day before
Tonight - That night
Last night -The previous night / the night before
Next night - The following night
Next week - The following week
Last week - The previous week / the week before
1. Sahil said, "Today, I sing song".
Sahil said that that day he sang song.
2. Disha said, "Tomorrow, We go to school".
Disha said that next day they went to school.
3. He said, " Yesterday, he read story".
He said that the previous day he had read story.
5. You said, "Tonight, She gives pen".
You said that that night she gave pen.
6. People said, "Next week, they play cricket."
People said that the following week they played cricket.
वाक्य प्रकारानुसार करावयाचे बदल :
5. Direct speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील) वाक्य प्रकारानुसार योग्यते reporting verb वापरणे.
Type of sentences - Reporting verb
Statement - Said/ told
Interrogative
Yes – no type question - Asked
Wh type question - Asked
Exclamatory sentence - Exclaimed
Let - Suggested to
Imperative sentence
Command - Ordered
Suggest - Suggested
Request - Requested
advise - Advised
notice - noticed
6. Direct speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील) वाक्य प्रकारानुसार योग्य त्या conjunction चा वापर करुन reporting verb चे वाक्य व Direct Speech चे वाक्य जोडणे.
Type of sentences - Conjunction
Statement - That
Interrogative
Yes – no type question - if
Wh - type question - Wh - word
Exclamatory sentence - that
Let - that
Imperative sentence - to
7. Direct speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील) वाक्य प्रकारानुसार assertive sentence विधानार्थी वाक्यात रुपांतर करणे.
Statement - Statement
Subject verb object.
Interrogative - Statement
Subject verb object.
Exclamatory sentence - Statement
Subject verb object.
Let - Statement
Subject verb object.
Start by 'They should'
Imperative sentence - Statement